US elections: What are the powers and functions of the US president

The President of the United States holds a position of immense responsibility, with powers that shape the nation's policies and global influence. Their role extends beyond political leadership, involving governance, legislative collaboration, military oversight, diplomacy, judicial appointments, and national leadership. The President's decisions impact not only domestic affairs but also the global stage, ensuring the country's stability, security, and growth. Understanding the breadth of this office highlights how the President's actions influence everyday life and the international landscape, underscoring the significance of their leadership in shaping the nation's future.




Role of the president of the United States



Executive authority

The President acts as the chief executive, with the primary responsibility of ensuring that the federal government operates effectively and that national policies are properly implemented.

• Policy implementation: This involves supervising how laws are executed across federal agencies. The President’s leadership in this area ensures that the government responds appropriately to evolving national and international situations, maintains operational efficiency, and fulfils its mandate.
• Appointments and management: The President’s selection of Cabinet members and federal agency heads allows them to direct national priorities and influence key policy areas like national security, law enforcement, health, and foreign affairs.
• Executive orders: These directives, issued without needing congressional approval, enable the President to manage the federal government quickly and decisively. While they carry the weight of law, they can be challenged or overturned by subsequent administrations or courts.
• Power checks: The President’s executive actions are balanced by oversight from Congress and the judiciary to prevent abuses of power.

Legislative influence

Although the President does not have the power to propose laws directly, they exert considerable influence over the legislative process.

• State of the Union address: This annual speech is critical for setting the legislative agenda and highlighting policy initiatives. It serves to inform Congress and the public of the administration’s priorities and vision.
• Calling special sessions: The President can summon Congress in extraordinary circumstances to address urgent national issues, emphasising their role in legislative urgency and action.
• Veto power: This significant tool allows the President to reject bills passed by Congress, acting as a check to prevent the passage of laws deemed harmful or inconsistent with the administration’s goals. Congress can override a veto with a two-thirds majority vote in both chambers, showcasing a balance between legislative and executive branches.

Military command

The President’s role as commander-in-chief places them at the helm of military leadership and national defence strategy.

• Directing military operations: The President has the authority to deploy and command troops, launch military operations, and respond to security threats. This enables rapid decision-making essential for protecting national security.
• National defence strategy: The President, in coordination with military advisors, establishes defence policies that guide the nation’s military posture and preparedness.
• Emergency military powers: The President can act without prior congressional approval in urgent situations, allowing for swift military responses. The War Powers Resolution, however, requires that Congress be notified within 48 hours and that military engagements not extend beyond 60 days without legislative approval.
• Checks on power: While the President commands the military, the power to declare war resides with Congress, ensuring checks on the President’s military authority.

Diplomatic functions

The President acts as the chief diplomat and the primary representative of the US in international matters.

• Negotiating treaties: The President can negotiate treaties on behalf of the US. These agreements, which can shape international alliances, trade, and security, must be ratified by a two-thirds Senate vote.
• Executive agreements: The President can also enter executive agreements, which do not require Senate approval and are often used for issues that do not warrant formal treaties. These agreements facilitate swift international commitments and cooperation.
• Receiving ambassadors: This ceremonial duty symbolises the President’s role in representing US interests and maintaining foreign relationships.
• Global influence: The President’s diplomatic engagement helps shape international perceptions of the US and influence global stability, policies, and alliances.

Judicial authority

The President influences the judiciary through their power to appoint judges, impacting the interpretation of laws and judicial outcomes for decades.

• Appointing federal judges: The President nominates Supreme Court justices and other federal judges, shaping the judiciary’s ideological balance. Senate confirmation is required, ensuring that nominees are scrutinised and approved by the legislative branch.
• Granting pardons and clemencies: The President can pardon individuals convicted of federal crimes, nullifying their sentences. This power serves as a vital check on judicial proceedings and can be used to rectify unjust sentences or demonstrate mercy.
• Judicial oversight: The Senate’s role in confirming judicial appointments ensures that the President’s influence is checked and that judicial appointees align with broader public and legislative expectations.

Social and political leadership

Beyond formal responsibilities, the President’s role as a national leader shapes public opinion, policy direction, and societal cohesion.

• Head of state and party leader: The President represents the values and aspirations of the nation and champions their political party’s platform. This dual role bolsters the administration’s ability to garner support for initiatives and policies.
• Crisis management: In times of crisis, whether natural disasters, economic downturns, or security threats, the President’s response is pivotal. Effective communication and decision-making can reassure the public, promote unity, and guide the nation through challenges.
• Symbol of national unity: The President serves as a symbol of American ideals and resilience. By participating in public events, giving speeches, and recognizing national achievements or tragedies, the President fosters a sense of shared identity and purpose.
• Political limitations: The President’s influence is affected by public opinion, media, and political opposition. Maintaining trust and authority requires strategic communication and a balance of policy and public sentiment.